| A shade-tolerant/intolerant, submontane to montane, Western North American evergreen shrub distributed more in the Cordilleran than the Pacific region. Occurs predominantly in continental cool temperate and cool semiarid climates on very dry to moderately dry, nitrogen-medium soils; its occurrence increases with increasing summer drought and continentality. Sporadic in summer-dry mesothermal climates, common in open-canopy Douglas-fir forests in the coast-interior ecotone. Often associated with Agropyron spicatum, Calamagrostis rubescens, and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus. Characteristic of moisture-deficient sites. Source: Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia (Information applies to coastal locations only)
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