| A shade-tolerant/intolerant, submontane to montane, Pacific North American evergreen shrub. Occurs in maritime to submaritime cool mesothermal climates on moderately dry to fresh, nitrogen-medium soils; its occurrence decreases with increasing precipitation, elevation, and continentality. Scatered to abundant, occasionÂally dominant, in the understory of semi-open forests (persists on cutover sites) on water-shedding sites. Inhabits coarse-skeletal soils. Commonly associated with Gaultheria shallon, Kindbergia oregana, and Polystichum munitum. Characteristic of mesothermal forests. Source: Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia (Information applies to coastal locations only)
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