| A shade-tolerant/intolerant. submontane to montane, Westem North American herb distributed more in the Pacific than the Cordilleran region. Occurs in cool mesothermal climates on wet to very wet, nitrogen-rich soils (Moder and Mull humus forms); its occurrence decreases with increasing latitude, elevation, and continentality. Occasional in forest understories on water-receiving sites with fluctuating groundwater table; common in non-forested, semi-terrestrial communities on water-collecting sites. Usually associated with Lysichitum americanum. A nitrophytic species characteristic of nutrient-rich wetlands. Source: Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia (Information applies to coastal locations only)
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