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Oeneis jutta Hübner, [1819]
Arctics; Jutta Arctic
Family: Nymphalidae (Brushfoots)
Species account authors: Crispin Guppy and Jon Shepard.
Extracted from Butterflies of British Columbia.
Introduction to the Butterflies of BC
The Families of Lepidoptera of BC

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Map

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Distribution of Oeneis jutta in British Columbia.
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Source: Butterflies of British Columbia by Crispin Guppy and Jon Shepard © Royal BC Museum

Species Information


Adult

Jutta Arctics are dark grey brown above, and the ventral hindwings are striated with grey and brown, closely resembling bark. Near the margin of the dorsal forewings and hindwings is a row of orange brown patches, some of which contain eyespots. Males have a prominent dark sex patch on the dorsal forewing, and the orange patches are enlarged in females.

Immature Stages

In Quebec eggs are cream white, with 16-21 zigzag vertical ridges and with a small stalk at the base. The bodies of first instar larvae are pale amber to grey white with a pink tinge; there are two tails and brown tubercles with light spines. The dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral stripes are yellow brown; the spiracular line is pale brown; and the basal ridge is dull white with a pale brown line below. The head, underside, legs, and prolegs are yellow green. Mature larvae are green buff, with two short subconical tails. The dorsal stripe is pale green, with blackish dots between segments; the lateral band is broad and pale green with a blackened upper edge; the basal ridge is yellowish; and the underside, legs, and prolegs are green buff. The head is green. The pupal head is amber, with a brown dash on either side. The wings are green with a brown outline and streaks. The abdomen is pale yellowish green, with a line of darker green down the back, and numerous rows of brown dots. There is a rosy tip to the abdomen (Fyles 1888; Edwards 1887-97).

Subspecies

Subspecies reducta McDunnough, 1929 (TL: upper Gallatin Canyon, MT) occurs in southern BC from the Rockies west to near Prince George. The dorsal yellow brown submarginal patches are small and somewhat separated from each other. The ventral hindwing has a well-defined dark band across the middle, with pale highlighting along both the outer and inner edge of the band. Subspecies chermocki Wyatt, 1965 (TL: near Banff, AB) is a synonym of reducta. Subspecies ridingiana F. & R. Chermock, 1940 (TL: Riding Mountains, MB) occurs from the Peace River lowlands west across most of northern BC. The dorsal yellow brown submarginal patches are large and form a continuous band broken only by brown veins in females. The ventral hindwing is a mottled grey brown, with only a weakly defined dark band across the middle. Subspecies alaskensis Holland, 1900 (TL: mountains between Fortymile and Mission Creeks, AK, and American Creek, AK) occurs in northwestern BC. The dorsal and ventral wings are a darker brown. The dorsal yellow orange submarginal patches are small and well separated, sometimes diffused and indistinct and sometimes sharply defined. The ventral hindwing is a strongly mottled grey brown; a dark band across the middle is generally without white highlighting on the basal side.

Genus Description


The name Oeneis refers to Oeneus, king of the ancient city of Calydon in western Greece, husband of Althaea and father of Meleagr and Tydeus. The name of the European genus Melanargia is derived from Meleagr, and another species of Satyrinae was derived from Tydeus. The common name "arctics" was first used by Holland (1898) in reference to the arctic and alpine distribution of many species.

Arctics are medium-sized brown or grey butterflies. They usually have eyespots on the wings. They fly rapidly and erratically over short distances, and then drop suddenly to the ground or onto a tree trunk. Arctics all have a two-year life cycle, with the young larvae hibernating the first winter and the almost mature larvae hibernating the second winter. The two-year life cycle results in many species having adults in flight only every second year, with butterflies in alternate years being greatly reduced in abundance or missing entirely in some or all areas.

Eggs are white or off-white in colour, and are conical in shape, with vertical ribs down the side. First instar larvae are thinly covered with hairs, and are tan or greenish. Mature larvae are slender and are tan or greenish with longitudinal stripes of various colours down the back and sides. They are thinly covered with hairs that are frequently reddish in colour. Pupae are roughly cylindrical and rounded, and have brown,yellow brown, and olive markings. Descriptions of the immature stages are all from outside BC, with the exception of the Great Arctic.

Larval foodplants are usually grasses and sedges. One species, the Jutta Arctic, also feeds on rushes. Eggs are laid singly on leaves of the foodplant, or nearby on dead leaves or debris. The foodplants naturally utilized in BC are not known for any species; the little information that is available is from Manitoba, Alberta, or the American Rocky Mountains.

Arctics fall into three basic ecological groups (Masters 1969): forest-dwelling species (macounii, nevadensis, jutta); prairie and steppe species (uhleri, chryxus, alberta); and arctic taiga-tundra/alpine summit species (bore, melissa, polixenes). Oeneis bore and polixenes can sometimes be difficult to identify by wing pattern alone, but the valves of the male genitalia are distinctly different. Oeneis rosovi is also difficult to distinguish from O. polixenes, but there are no genitalic differences between the two species.

Biology


Jutta Arctics are univoltine and fly in June and July. They take two years to mature, with larvae hibernating twice; adults are produced only every second year in some populations (Masters 1973; Tuzov 1997). In captivity in eastern Canada, however, larvae have six instars, hibernate in the sixth instar, and pupate on the ground or in moss (Fyles 1888, 1889), suggesting that some populations may have annual life cycles. Males establish territories in open areas, and have favourite perches from which they dart out to see whether something flying by is a female (Masters 1973). Females fly apparently aimlessly through the bog, sometimes flying to the top of a tree (Masters and Sorensen 1969), although Braun (Edwards 1887-97) specifically stated that near Bangor, Maine, females never fly to treetops but drop to the ground instead.

In Minnesota subspecies ascerta uses cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum var. spissum) as a larval foodplant (Masters 1973), and the sedge Carex is eaten in captivity (Fyles 1889). ln Eurasia larval foodplants include Carex, Eriophorum, Glyceria, Juncus, Molinia caerulea, and Scirpus caespitosus (Tuzov 1997).

Habitat


Jutta Arctics occur across northern BC and in scattered locations through the Rockies and the Cariboo. They inhabit spruce bogs and open pine forests, and occasionally alpine tundra.

Distribution

Distribution

Jutta Arctics are found from Europe and Asia across the boreal forests of CAN to NF. Scattered populations occur in the Rocky Mountains as far south as CO.

Status Information

Scientific NameOrigin StatusProvincial StatusBC List
(Red Blue List)
COSEWIC
Oeneis juttaNativeS5YellowNot Listed
Oeneis jutta alaskensisNativeS3BlueNot Listed
Oeneis jutta chermockiNativeS3BlueNot Listed
Oeneis jutta ridingianaNativeS4S5YellowNot Listed



BC Ministry of Environment: BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer--the authoritative source for conservation information in British Columbia.

General References